Base-promoted triple cleavage of CCl2Br: a direct one-pot synthesis of unsymmetrical oxalamide derivatives.

We present a novel, eco-friendly and one-pot approach for synthesizing unsymmetrical oxalamides with the aid of dichloroacetamide and amine/amides in the presence of CBr4 in a basic medium. The use of water as a potent supplement for the oxygen atom source and the detailed mechanism have been disclosed. Moreover, the protocol involves triple cleavage of CCl2Br and the formation of new C-O/C-N bonds, with the advantage of achieving selective bromination using CBr4 with good to excellent yield under mild conditions. The method also demonstrates promise for industrial use, as proven by its effective implementation in gram-scale synthesis conducted in a batch process, along with its utilization in a continuous-flow system.

Prognostic factors of intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate predictive factors of increasing intravesical recurrence (IVR) rate in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) after receiving radical nephroureterectomy (RNUx) with bladder cuff excision (BCE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2114 patients were included from the updated data of the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group. It was divided into two groups: IVR-free and IVR after RNUx, with 1527 and 587 patients, respectively. To determine the factors affecting IVR, TNM stage, the usage of pre-operative ureteroscopy, and pathological outcomes were evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the rates of prognostic outcomes in overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and bladder recurrence-free survival (BRFS), and the survival curves were compared using the stratified log-rank test. RESULTS: Based on our research, ureter tumor, female, smoking history, age (< 70 years old), multifocal tumor, history of bladder cancer were determined to increase the risk of IVR after univariate analysis. The multivariable analysis revealed that female (BRFS for male: HR 0.566, 95% CI 0.469-0.681, p < 0.001), ureter tumor (BRFS: HR 1.359, 95% CI 1.133-1.631, p = 0.001), multifocal (BRFS: HR 1.200, 95% CI 1.001-1.439, p = 0.049), history of bladder cancer (BRFS: HR 1.480, 95% CI 1.118-1.959, p = 0.006) were the prognostic factors for IVR. Patients who ever received ureterorenoscopy (URS) did not increase the risk of IVR. CONCLUSION: Patients with ureter tumor and previous bladder UC history are important factors to increase the risk of IVR after RNUx. Pre-operative URS manipulation is not associated with higher risk of IVR and diagnostic URS is feasible especially for insufficient information of image study. More frequent surveillance regimen may be needed for these patients.

Spatial variability of nitrogen cycling in the sediments of the Danshuie River Estuary (Northern Taiwan).

Dissolved N species, TOC and total N (TN) in sediment cores (SC) collected from an eutrophic estuary were analyzed to understand the N geochemical variation in SC of the eutrophic estuary. Extremely higher concentrations of ammonium (6550 µM) and DON (2050 µM) were observed in pore water of the upper estuary and both concentrations generally accounted for 65-99 % and 1-34 % of the dissolved total N pool, respectively, in the three sediment pore waters. The DON and TN concentrations decreased with increasing depth in SC of the upper estuary, opposite the ammonium profile, suggesting that the mineralization of DON and TN provided the ammonium source to the SC. While, the TN mineralization was more profound than the DON mineralization in SC of the middle and lower estuary. The mineralization rate of DON and TN obviously differed from the different depth intervals of the three SC.

An Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode Pixel Circuit Featuring Mobility Compensation for Portable Applications.

A 6T1C pixel circuit based on low-temperature polycrystalline oxide (LTPO) technology for portable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display applications is proposed in this paper. For superior high-end portable applications including 4K high resolution and high PPI (pixels per inch), the proposed pixel circuit employs a single storage capacitor and signal sharing switch-control design and provides low-voltage driving and immunity to the IR-drop issue and OLED degradation. Furthermore, the threshold voltage and mobility-compensating capabilities are improved by both compensation mechanisms, which are based on a negative feedback system, and mobility-related compensation parameters. Simulation results reveal that threshold voltage variations of ±0.33 V in the driving thin-film transistors can be well sensed and compensated while the maximum OLED current shift is 4.25%. The maximum variation in OLED currents within all gray levels is only 1.05% with mobility variations of ±30%. As a result, the proposed 6T1C pixel circuit is a good candidate for portable AMOLED display usage.

FeCl3-Catalyzed Decyanative [4 + 2] Annulation of α-Aminonitriles with Alkynes: Access to 2,4-Diaryl Quinolines in Batch and Continuous-Flow Processes.

FeCl3-catalyzed decyanation of α-aminonitriles followed by a [4 + 2] annulation with terminal alkynes has been developed to synthesize 2,4-diaryl quinolines. A broad range of aniline, aldehyde, and arylacetylene derivatives were well tolerated to access 2,4-diaryl quinolines in moderate to good yields. The control experiment studies suggested that the reaction proceeds through a nonradical pathway involving Povarov-type [4 + 2] annulation from the in situ generated iminium species. The synthetic application of this strategy (i) includes gram-scale synthesis and (ii) a continuous-flow process for a few representative compounds in a shorter reaction time (22 min) and (iii) worked well with styrene as a proof of concept.

Preoperative hydronephrosis is an independent protective factor of renal function decline after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive role of pre-nephroureterectomy (NU) hydronephrosis on post-NU renal function (RF) change and preserved eligibility rate for adjuvant therapy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Patients and methods: This retrospective study collected data of 1018 patients from the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group registry of 26 institutions. The patients were divided into two groups based on the absence or presence of pre-NU hydronephrosis. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated pre- and post-NU respectively. The one month post-NU RF change, chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, and the preserved eligibility rate for adjuvant therapy were compared for each CKD stage. Results: 404 (39.2%) patients without and 614 (60.8%) patients with pre-NU hydronephrosis were enrolled. The median post-NU change in the eGFR was significantly lower in the hydronephrosis group (-3.84 versus -12.88, p<0.001). Pre-NU hydronephrosis was associated with a lower post-NU CKD progression rate (33.1% versus 50.7%, p< 0.001) and was an independent protective factor for RF decline after covariate adjustment (OR=0.46, p<0.001). Patients with pre-NU hydronephrosis had a higher preserved eligibility rate for either adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (OR=3.09, 95%CI 1.95-4.69) or immune-oncology therapy (OR=2.31, 95%CI 1.23-4.34). Conclusion: Pre-NU hydronephrosis is an independent protective predictor for post-NU RF decline, CKD progression, and eligibility for adjuvant therapy. With cautious selection for those unfavorably prognostic, non-metastatic UTUC patients with preoperative hydronephrosis, adjuvant rather than neoadjuvant therapy could be considered due to higher chance of preserving eligibility.

Iodine-Promoted Oxidative Cyclization of Acylated and Alkylated Derivatives from Epoxides toward the Synthesis of Aza Heterocycles.

A new method for directly synthesizing acylated and alkylated quinazoline derivatives by the epoxide ring-opening reaction in the presence of I2/DMSO with 2-aminobenzamide is described herein. The developed mild protocol is efficient and displays a wide variety of functional group tolerance and substrate-controlled high selectivity, and the application of a continuous flow technique allows for faster reaction time and higher yields. Moreover, the robustness of the method is applicable in gram-scale synthesis.

The association between eosinophil count, serum lipids and metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophil count, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with systemic inflammation. We conducted this large population-based study to investigate the association between elevated eosinophil count, serum lipids, and MetS in the Taiwanese population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 10,357 adults who underwent health checkups at Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital in Taiwan between January 2006 and December 2016 was conducted. MetS was defined according to criteria modified by the International Diabetes Federation specifically for the Chinese population. The measurement of serum lipids included high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Pearson's correlation and linear regression were used to determine the association of eosinophil count with waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and serum lipids. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio of MetS and abnormal serum lipid levels in each eosinophil count quartile. RESULTS: Eosinophil count was positively associated with triglycerides levels and negatively associated with HDL-C levels; however, it was not significantly associated with ApoA-I and ApoB. The odds ratio of MetS increased significantly across eosinophil count quartiles. The adjusted odds ratios of MetS for the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.28, 1.38, and 1.42, respectively, with reference to the first quartile. CONCLUSIONS: High eosinophil count is an independent risk factor for MetS. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia might partly contribute to this result.

Biallelic TET2 mutations confer sensitivity to 5'-azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia.

Precision medicine can significantly improve outcomes for patients with cancer, but implementation requires comprehensive characterization of tumor cells to identify therapeutically exploitable vulnerabilities. Here, we describe somatic biallelic TET2 mutations in an elderly patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that was chemoresistant to anthracycline and cytarabine but acutely sensitive to 5'-azacitidine (5'-Aza) hypomethylating monotherapy, resulting in long-term morphological remission. Given the role of TET2 as a regulator of genomic methylation, we hypothesized that mutant TET2 allele dosage affects response to 5'-Aza. Using an isogenic cell model system and an orthotopic mouse xenograft, we demonstrate that biallelic TET2 mutations confer sensitivity to 5'-Aza compared with cells with monoallelic mutations. Our data argue in favor of using hypomethylating agents for chemoresistant disease or as first-line therapy in patients with biallelic TET2-mutated AML and demonstrate the importance of considering mutant allele dosage in the implementation of precision medicine for patients with cancer.

Extract of Ficus septica modulates apoptosis and migration in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

According to the alarming statistical analysis of global cancer, there are over 19 million new diagnoses and more than 10 million deaths each year. One such cancer is the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which requires new therapeutic strategies. Ficus septica extract has been used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. In this study, we examined the anti-proliferative effects of an extract of F. septica bark (FSB) in OSCC cells. Our results showed that FSB caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the viability of SCC2095 OSCC cells, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays, and was less sensitive to fibroblasts. In addition, FSB induced apoptosis by activating caspases, accompanied by the modulation of Akt/mTOR/NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Moreover, FSB increased reactive oxygen species generation in a concentration-dependent manner in SCC2095 cells. Furthermore, FSB inhibited cell migration and modulated the levels of the cell adhesion molecules including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail in SCC2095 cells. Pinoresinol, a lignan isolated from FSB, showed antitumor effects in SCC2095 cells, implying that this compound might play an important role in FSB-induced OSCC cell death. Taken together, FSB is a potential anti-tumor agent against OSCC cells.

Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis.

The epidermis is a barrier that prevents water loss while keeping harmful substances from penetrating the host. The impermeable cornified layer of the stratum corneum is maintained by balancing continuous turnover driven by epidermal basal cell proliferation, suprabasal cell differentiation, and corneal shedding. The epidermal desquamation process is tightly regulated by balance of the activities of serine proteases of the Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 gene. Imbalance of proteolytic activity caused by a deficiency of LEKTI leads to excessive desquamation due to increased activities of KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and results in Netherton syndrome (NS), a debilitating condition with an unmet clinical need. Increased activity of KLKs may also be pathological in other dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we describe the discovery of inhibitory antibodies against murine KLK5 and KLK7 that could compensate for the deficiency of LEKTI in NS. These antibodies are protective in mouse models of NS and AD and, when combined, promote improved skin barrier integrity and reduced inflammation. To translate these findings, we engineered a humanized bispecific antibody capable of potent inhibition of human KLK5 and KLK7. A crystal structure of KLK5 bound to the inhibitory Fab revealed that the antibody binds distal to its active site and uses a relatively unappreciated allosteric inhibition mechanism. Treatment with the bispecific anti-KLK5/7 antibody represents a promising therapy for clinical development in NS and other inflammatory dermatoses.

Bladder Management Strategies for Urological Complications in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, common in patients with chronic spinal cord injury, inevitably results in urological complications. To address neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury, proper and adequate bladder management is important in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, with the goal and priorities of the protection of upper urinary tract function, maintaining continence, preserving lower urinary tract function, improvement of SCI patients' quality of life, achieving compatibility with patients' lifestyles, and decreasing urological complications. This concise review aims to help urologists address neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction by focusing on the risks of long-term urological complications and the effects of different bladder management strategies on these complications based on scientifically supported knowledge.

Kefir peptides ameliorate osteoporosis in AKR1A1 knockout mice with vitamin C deficiency by promoting osteoblastogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

The AKR1A1 protein is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily that catalyzes the transformation of D-glucuronate to L-gulonate in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C, Vit C). We previously demonstrated that AKR1A1 knockout mice (AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP) with Vit C deficiency exhibited aberrant bone formation and osteoporosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the osteoprotective effects of kefir peptides (KPs) in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice and uncover the underlying mechanism of KPs in the modulation of bone remodeling. Six male CD-1 mice and 24 male AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice were used in this study, in which the AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). KPs treatment for 12 weeks exerted several effects in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice including the reduction of serum proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α), bone resorption markers (CTX-1, RANKL), and the increase of serum bone formation markers (P1NP, OPG, OC). µ-CT analysis indicated that KPs prevented the bone loss in the femurs of AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice by significantly increasing the trabecular parameters of bone mineral density, bone volume and bone number. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated that KPs enhanced the elasticity and hardness of femoral cortical bones in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice. KPs promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs)-derived osteoblast differentiation and mineralization by upregulating positive regulators of osteoblastogenesis (Runx2, ß-catenin, BMP-2, NFATc1). Conversely, KPs inhibited bone marrow macrophages (BMMs)-derived osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, which was demonstrated by the facts that KPs suppressed RANKL-induced p38, NF-κB, Akt, PLCγ2 and CREB-1 phosphorylation, decreased the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and c-Fos. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of KPs in the prevention of osteoporosis in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice and also unveil the dual effects of KPs in osteogenic promotion and osteoclastic inhibition. This study supports the use of KPs as nutritional supplements for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Surgical outcome predictor analysis following hand-assisted or pure laparoscopic transperitoneal nephroureterectomy using the Taiwan upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma database.

Purpose: Taiwan has a high incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes following transperitoneal hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (TP-HALNU) and transperitoneal pure laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (TP-LNU) from the Taiwan nationwide UTUC collaboration database using different parameters, including surgical volumes. Materials and methods: The nationwide UTUC collaboration database includes 14 hospitals in Taiwan from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 622 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy between July 1988 and September 2020. In total, 322 patients who received TP-LNU or TP-HALNU were included in the final analysis. Clinical and pathological data and oncological outcomes were compared. Results: Of the 322 patients, 181 and 141 received TP-LNU and TP-HALNU, respectively. There were no differences in clinical and histopathological data between the two groups. No differences were observed in perioperative and postoperative complications. There were no significant differences in oncological outcomes between the two surgical approaches. In the multivariate analysis, the cohort showed that age ≥70 years, positive pathological lymph node metastasis, tumors located in the upper ureter, and male sex were predictive factors associated with an increased risk of adverse oncological outcomes. A surgical volume of ≥20 cases showed a trend toward favorable outcomes on cancer-specific survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.154, p = 0.052] and marginal benefit for overall survival (HR 0.326, p = 0.019) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Although different approaches to transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy showed no significant differences in surgical outcomes, age, sex, lymph node metastasis, and tumor in the upper ureter in the following period were predictive factors for oncological outcomes. Higher surgical volume did not impact disease-free survival and bladder recurrence-free survival but was associated with improved overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Exploration of unknown influencing factors is warranted.

AMOLED Pixel Circuit Using LTPO Technology Supporting Variable Frame Rate from 1 to 120 Hz for Portable Displays.

This paper proposes a new 6T1C pixel circuit based on low-temperature polycrystalline oxide (LTPO) technology for portable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays with variable refresh rates ranging from 1 to 120 Hz. The proposed circuit has a simple structure and is based on the design of sharing lines of switch-controlling signals. It also provides low-voltage driving and immunity to OLED degeneration issues. The calculation and analysis of programming time are discussed, and the optimal storage capacitor for the proposed circuit's high-speed driving is selected. The results of the simulation reveal that threshold voltage variations in driving thin-film transistors of ±0.33 V can be well sensed and compensated with a 1.8% average shift of OLED currents in high-frame-rate operation (120 Hz), while the maximum variation in OLED currents within all gray levels is only 3.56 nA in low-frame-rate operation (1 Hz). As a result, the proposed 6T1C pixel circuit is a good candidate for use in portable AMOLED displays.

The Value of Preoperative Local Symptoms in Prognosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Retrospective, Multicenter Cohort Study.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative local symptoms on prognosis after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 2,662 UTUC patients treated at 15 institutions in Taiwan from 1988 to 2019. Clinicopathological data were retrospectively collected for analysis by the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and bladder recurrence-free survival (BRFS). The prognostic value of preoperative local symptoms in OS, CSS, DFS, and BRFS was investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The median follow-up was 36.6 months. Among 2,662 patients, 2,130 (80.0%) presented with hematuria and 398 (15.0%) had symptomatic hydronephrosis at diagnosis. Hematuria was associated with less symptomatic hydronephrosis (p <0.001), more dialysis status (p = 0.027), renal pelvic tumors (p <0.001), and early pathological tumor stage (p = 0.001). Symptomatic hydronephrosis was associated with female patients (p <0.001), less dialysis status (p = 0.001), less bladder cancer history (p <0.001), ureteral tumors (p <0.001), open surgery (p = 0.006), advanced pathological tumor stage (p <0.001), and postoperative chemotherapy (p = 0.029). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with hematuria or without symptomatic hydronephrosis had significantly higher rates of OS, CSS, and DFS (all p <0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that presence of hematuria was independently associated with better OS (HR 0.789, 95% CI 0.661-0.942) and CSS (HR 0.772, 95% CI 0.607-0.980), while symptomatic hydronephrosis was a significant prognostic factor for poorer OS (HR 1.387, 95% CI 1.142-1.683), CSS (HR 1.587, 95% CI 1.229-2.050), and DFS (HR 1.378, 95% CI 1.122-1.693). Conclusions: Preoperative local symptoms were significantly associated with oncological outcomes, whereas symptomatic hydronephrosis and hematuria had opposite prognostic effects. Preoperative symptoms may provide additional information on risk stratification and perioperative treatment selection for patients with UTUC.

Survival Impact of Nephroureterectomy for De Novo Stage IV Nonmetastatic and Metastatic Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: Whether nephroureterectomy (NU) provides survival benefits in patients with stage IV upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear. We compared the effect of chemotherapy (CT) alone with that of CT combined with NU (CT + NU) on the overall survival (OS) of patients with stage IV nonmetastatic UTUC (nmUTUC) and metastatic UTUC (mUTUC). Patients and Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included the data of patients with UTUC undergoing CT alone or CT + NU from the Chang Gung Cancer Database (2002-2015) and followed them until August 2017. OS and hazard ratios (HRs) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model, respectively. Results: This study included 308 patients with stage IV UTUC, comprising 139 with nmUTUC and 169 with mUTUC. Moreover, 91 (74.6%) patients with nmUTUC and 31 (25.4%) patients with mUTUC received NU. The CT + NU group had a higher 3-year OS rate (41.0.% vs 16.7%, p < 0.001), longer median OS duration (20.7 vs 9.0 months, p < 0.001), and lower risk of death (HR, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.66; p < 0.001) than did the CT-alone group. Similarly, patients with mUTUC who underwent CT + NU had a longer median OS duration (25.0 vs 7.8 months, p < 0.001) and lower risk of death (HR, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.59; p < 0.001) than did those who received CT alone. Conclusion: Compared with CT alone, NU + CT can provide survival benefits to patients with nonmetastatic and metastatic stage IV UTUC.

Metal-Free N-H/C-H Carbonylation by Phenyl Isocyanate: Divergent Synthesis of Six-Membered N-Heterocycles.

We disclose a method using phenyl isocyanate to synthesize carbonyl-containing N-heterocycles. The metal-free novel approach for both N-H and C-H carbonylation processes was successfully refined, delivering a range of synthetically valuable derivatives of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 2H-benzo[e] [1,2,4] thiadiazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxide, and pyrrolo[1,2-a] quinoxalin-4(5H)-one. The protocol features broad substrates with diverse reactions suitable for excellent yields, mild conditions, and good functional group compatibility. Moreover, the applicability of the reaction was characterized by gram-scale synthesis and synthetic transformations for drug molecules.

Impact of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Variant Histology of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis.

Background: The advantage of adjuvant chemotherapy for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) has been reported, whereas its impact on upper tract cancer with variant histology remains unclear. We aimed to answer the abovementioned question with our real-world data. Design Setting and Participants: Patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and were confirmed to have variant UTUC were retrospectively evaluated for eligibility of analysis. In the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration database, we identified 245 patients with variant UTUC among 3,109 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU after excluding patients with missing clinicopathological information. Intervention: Those patients with variant UTUC were grouped based on their history of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or not. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Propensity score matching was used to reduce the treatment assignment bias. Multivariable Cox regression model was used for the analysis of overall, cancer-specific, and disease-free survival. Results and Limitations: For the patients with variant UTUC who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy compared with those without chemotherapy, survival benefit was identified in overall survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR), 0.527; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.285-0.973; p = 0.041). In addition, in multivariate analysis, patients with adjuvant chemotherapy demonstrated significant survival benefits in cancer-specific survival (OS; HR, 0.454; CI, 0.208-0.988; p = 0.047), and disease-free survival (DFS; HR, 0.324; 95% CI, 0.155-0.677; (p = 0.003). The main limitations of the current study were its retrospective design and limited case number. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy following RNU significantly improved cancer-related survivals in patients with UTUC with variant histology.

Is Lymph Node Dissection Necessary During Radical Nephroureterectomy for Clinically Node-Negative Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma? A Multi-Institutional Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oncological outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) without clinical lymph node metastasis (cN0) undergoing lymph node dissection (LND) during radical nephroureterectomy (NU). Methods: From the updated data of the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group, a total of 2726 UTUC patients were identified. We only include patients with ≥ pT2 stage and enrolled 658 patients. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and bladder recurrence-free survival (BRFS) in LND (+) and LND (-) groups. Results: A total of 658 patients were included and 463 patients without receiving LND and 195 patients receiving LND. From both univariate and multivariate survival analysis, there are no significant difference between LND (+) and LND (-) group in survival rate. In LND (+) group, 18.5% patients have pathological LN metastasis. After analyzing pN+ subgroup, it revealed worse CSS (p = 0.010) and DFS (p < 0.001) compared with pN0 patients. Conclusions: We found no significant survival benefit related to LND in cN0 stage, ≥ pT2 stage UTUC, irrespective of the number of LNs removed, although pN+ affected cancer prognosis. However, from the result of pN (+) subgroup of LND (+) cohort analysis, it may be reasonable to not perform LND in patients with cT2N0 stage due to low positive predictive value of pN (+). In addition, performing LND may be considered for ureter cancer, which tends to cause lymphatic and hematogenous tumor spreading. Further large prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.